LVM on software RAID

Many tutorials treat the swap space differently, either by creating a separate RAID1 array or a LVM logical volume. Creating the swap space on a separate array is not intended to provide additional redundancy, but instead, to prevent a corrupt swap space from rendering the system inoperable, which is more likely to happen when the swap space is located on the same partition as the root directory.

This tutorial will use Syslinux instead of GRUB. GRUB when used in conjunction with GPT requires an additional BIOS boot partition.

GRUB supports the default style of metadata currently created by mdadm (i.e. 1.2) when combined with an initramfs, which has replaced in Arch Linux with mkinitcpio. Syslinux only supports version 1.0, and therefore requires the option.

Some boot loaders (e.g. GRUB Legacy, LILO) will not support any 1.x metadata versions, and instead require the older version, 0.90. If you would like to use one of those boot loaders make sure to add the option to the array during RAID installation.

Load the appropriate RAID (e.g. raid0, , , , raid10) and LVM (i.e. ) modules. The following example makes use of RAID1 and RAID5.

# modprobe raid1
# modprobe raid5
# modprobe dm-mod

Each hard drive will have a 200 MiB partition, 2048 MiB partition, and a partition that takes up the remainder of the disk.

The boot partition must be RAID1; i.e it cannot be striped (RAID0) or RAID5, RAID6, etc.. This is because GRUB does not have RAID drivers. Any other level will prevent your system from booting. Additionally, if there is a problem with one boot partition, the boot loader can boot normally from the other two partitions in the array.

We will use gdisk to create three partitions on each of the three hard drives (i.e. /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, ):

   Name        Flags      Part Type  FS Type          [Label]        Size (MB)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   sda1        Boot        Primary   linux_raid_m                       200.00  # /boot
   sda2                    Primary   linux_raid_m                      2000.00  # /swap
   sda3                    Primary   linux_raid_m                     97900.00  # /

To create partitions, see GPT fdisk#Create a partition table and partitions.

After creating the physical partitions, you are ready to setup the /boot, /swap, and / arrays with . It is an advanced tool for RAID management that will be used to create a within the installation environment.

Create the / array at :

# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sd[abc]3

Create the /swap array at :

# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --level=1 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sd[abc]2

Create the /boot array at /dev/md2:

# mdadm --create /dev/md2 --level=1 --raid-devices=3 --metadata=1.0 /dev/sd[abc]1

After you create a RAID volume, it will synchronize the contents of the physical partitions within the array. You can monitor the progress by refreshing the output of ten times per second with:

# watch -n .1 cat /proc/mdstat

Further information about the arrays is accessible with:

# mdadm --misc --detail /dev/md[012]

Once synchronization is complete the line should read clean. Each device in the table at the bottom of the output should read or in the column. means each device is actively in the array.

It is good practice to regularly run data scrubbing to check for and fix errors.

To initiate a data scrub:

# echo check > /sys/block/md0/md/sync_action

As with many tasks/items relating to mdadm, the status of the scrub can be queried:

# cat /proc/mdstat

Example:

To stop a currently running data scrub safely:

# echo idle > /sys/block/md0/md/sync_action

When the scrub is complete, admins may check how many blocks (if any) have been flagged as bad:

# cat /sys/block/md0/md/mismatch_cnt

The check operation scans the drives for bad sectors and mismatches. Bad sectors are automatically repaired. If it finds mismatches, i.e., good sectors that contain bad data (the data in a sector does not agree with what the data from another disk indicates that it should be, for example the parity block + the other data blocks would cause us to think that this data block is incorrect), then no action is taken, but the event is logged (see below). This "do nothing" allows admins to inspect the data in the sector and the data that would be produced by rebuilding the sectors from redundant information and pick the correct data to keep.

It is a good idea to set up a cron job as root to schedule a periodic scrub. See which can assist with this.

Due to the fact that RAID1 and RAID10 writes in the kernel are unbuffered, an array can have non-0 mismatch counts even when the array is healthy. These non-0 counts will only exist in transient data areas where they do not pose a problem. However, since we cannot tell the difference between a non-0 count that is just in transient data or a non-0 count that signifies a real problem. This fact is a source of false positives for RAID1 and RAID10 arrays. It is however recommended to still scrub to catch and correct any bad sectors there might be in the devices.

This section will convert the two RAIDs into physical volumes (PVs). Then combine those PVs into a volume group (VG). The VG will then be divided into logical volumes (LVs) that will act like physical partitions (e.g. , /var, /home). If you did not understand that make sure you read the LVM Introduction section.

Make the RAIDs accessible to LVM by converting them into physical volumes (PVs) using the following command. Repeat this action for each of the RAID arrays created above.

# pvcreate /dev/md0

Confirm that LVM has added the PVs with:

# pvdisplay

Next step is to create a volume group (VG) on the PVs.

Create a volume group (VG) with the first PV:

# vgcreate VolGroupArray /dev/md0

Confirm that LVM has added the VG with:

# vgdisplay

In this example we will create separate , /var, , /home LVs. The LVs will be accessible as /dev/VolGroupArray/<lvname>.

Create a / LV:

# lvcreate -L 20G VolGroupArray -n lvroot

Create a /var LV:

# lvcreate -L 15G VolGroupArray -n lvvar

Create a /home LV that takes up the remainder of space in the VG:

# lvcreate -l +100%FREE VolGroupArray -n lvhome

Confirm that LVM has created the LVs with:

# lvdisplay

Since the installer builds the initrd using in the target system, you should update that file with your RAID configuration. The original file can simply be deleted because it contains comments on how to fill it correctly, and that is something mdadm can do automatically for you. So let us delete the original and have mdadm create you a new one with the current setup:

# mdadm --examine --scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf

Follow the directions outlined the in #Installation section until you reach the Prepare Hard Drive section. Skip the first two steps and navigate to the Manually Configure block devices, filesystems and mountpoints page. Remember to only configure the PVs (e.g. ) and not the actual disks (e.g. ).

mkinitcpio can use a hook to assemble the arrays on boot. For more information see mkinitcpio Using RAID. Add the and hooks to the array in after .

Once it is complete you can safely reboot your machine:

# reboot

Once you have successfully booted your new system for the first time, you will want to install the bootloader onto the other two disks (or on the other disk if you have only 2 HDDs) so that, in the event of disk failure, the system can be booted from any of the remaining drives (e.g. by switching the boot order in the BIOS). The method depends on the bootloader system you are using:

Log in to your new system as root and do:

# /usr/sbin/syslinux-install_update -iam

Syslinux will deal with installing the bootloader to the MBR on each of the members of the RAID array:

Detected RAID on /boot - installing Syslinux with --raid
Syslinux install successful

Attribute Legacy Bios Bootable Set - /dev/sda1
Attribute Legacy Bios Bootable Set - /dev/sdb1
Installed MBR (/usr/lib/syslinux/gptmbr.bin) to /dev/sda
Installed MBR (/usr/lib/syslinux/gptmbr.bin) to /dev/sdb

Log in to your new system as root and do:

# grub
grub> device (hd0) /dev/sdb
grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> setup (hd0)
grub> device (hd0) /dev/sdc
grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> setup (hd0)
grub> quit

Now that you are done, it is worth taking a second to archive off the partition state of each of your drives. This guarantees that it will be trivially easy to replace/rebuild a disk in the event that one fails. See fdisk#Backup and restore partition table.